Therefore, social skills are integral to human interaction, enabling individuals to communicate effectively, build relationships, and navigate social environments. The theoretical foundation of social skills draws from various disciplines, including psychology, sociology, and education. 

Behavioural theories suggest that social skills are learned behaviours, acquired through interaction with the environment. B.F. Skinner’s operant conditioning framework posits that social behaviours are shaped by reinforcement and punishment. Positive reinforcement, such as praise or rewards, encourages the repetition of desirable social behaviours, while negative reinforcement or punishment discourages undesirable ones. 

Social Learning Theory. Albert Bandura’s Social Learning Theory emphasises the role of observation and imitation in the acquisition of social skills. According to Bandura, individuals learn social behaviours by observing and imitating the actions of others, particularly role models such as parents, peers, and media figures. This theory also highlights the importance of self-efficacy, or the belief in one’s ability to perform specific behaviours, in the development of social skills. 

Cognitive theories focus on the internal processes that underlie social behaviour. Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive development outlines how children’s thinking evolves through stages, influencing their social interactions. For instance, during the concrete operational stage, children develop the ability to consider multiple perspectives, enhancing their empathy and social understanding. 

Lev Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory also contributes to our understanding of social skills. Vygotsky emphasised the role of social interaction and cultural context in cognitive development, suggesting that social skills are learned through guided participation and scaffolding provided by more knowledgeable others. 

Emotional Intelligence. Daniel Goleman’s concept of emotional intelligence (EI) integrates emotional and social competencies. EI encompasses skills such as self-awareness, self-regulation, empathy, and social awareness. Goleman argues that these skills are critical for effective interpersonal communication and relationship building. High EI individuals are better equipped to understand and manage their own emotions, as well as navigate the emotions of others. 

Ecological Systems Theory. Urie Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory provides a broader perspective on the development of social skills. Bronfenbrenner proposed that individuals are influenced by multiple layers of environmental contexts, from immediate settings like family and school (microsystem) to broader societal and cultural influences (macrosystem). Social skills are shaped by interactions within and between these systems. 

In summary, the theoretical background of social skills is multifaceted, integrating insights from behavioural, cognitive, and ecological perspectives. These theories collectively underscore that social skills are learned through interaction with the environment, cognitive development, emotional intelligence, and the broader social context. Understanding these foundations can inform the design of interventions and educational programs aimed at enhancing social competence.